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Secondary cavity nesters include other birds — bluebirds, tree swallows, various wrens and owls, and even wood ducks — as well as flying squirrels, bats and more.

Negative impacts were broadly felt across all bird species studied, with western bluebirds and tree swallows, two species common on farms, both experiencing significant declines in nesting success when temperatures spiked in agricultural areas.

And it’s walking distance to Soundview Park, where there are forest, grassland and salt-marsh habitats with resident hawks, tree swallows and egrets.

According to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, house sparrows have been known to attack many bird species, including bluebirds, purple martins and tree swallows.

Perlut and his students created an inviting habitat for two species — tree swallows and Eastern bluebirds — to nest around where people tend to congregate.