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The initiative aimed to set up a network of laboratories across the continent to explore the relative roles of environment and genes in diseases that plague Africans, such as HIV/AIDS, trypanosome infections, stroke, diabetes, and heart disease.

Sadd found that the offspring of bumblebee mothers that had been exposed to a bacterial pathogen were more susceptible to a trypanosome parasite than were bees that had not been primed against the parasite7.

The lab confirmed that the trypanosome could be seen under the microscope, the parasite that causes sleeping sickness, transmitted from one person to another through a bite from the tsetse fly, which feeds on human blood.

The parasite that causes sleeping sickness, trypanosome, is seen here magnified under a microscope.

Figure 1 | Coat switching in the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. a, The trypanosome parasite, which causes sleeping sickness, evades destruction by the immune system by varying over time the version of a glycoprotein called VSG that coats its surface.