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Many hoped her appearance would preface a new album or tour — a surefire post-Super Bowl play following an event that pays its performers union scale.

More recently, the horror film producer Jason Blum has used — to spectacular effect — a business model in which established directors and stars work for union scale pay upfront in return for creative freedom and a stake in the financial success of the resulting film.

"But the artists are paid union scale."

When there’s no contract in play, the producers typically set the pay rate at less than union scale.

Even so, Ms. Gabriel remained keenly cognizant of the bottom line, particularly as the orchestra was being paid union scale.