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Montjoye and others have shown time and time again that it’s simply not possible to anonymise unit record level data – data relating to individuals – no matter how stripped down that data is.

“He was a teacher, and that’s seriously important, especially being at the K-12 level. He’s been in the military, so he knows what it’s like to be part of a big bureaucracy. And he’s worked with longitudinal student unit record systems and appreciates their value.”

Zimpher also advocated for more data – particularly a student unit record system, currently banned under federal law – to help leaders identify successful practice that are supported by evidence. 

In terms of data collection and transparency, Harkin's proposed student unit record system – a type of program currently banned – would track information such as how many students are receiving federal, state, institutional and private aid and whether they graduated or not.