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Due to an interplay between hydrodynamics and ring topology, the BR molecules tumble around the gradient direction, which is perpendicular to the vorticity and flow axes.

Recirculation patterns, highest velocity and vorticity developed directly on top of the denticles and in spaces between the denticles.

All the tested models, independent of denticle orientation, showed similar flow, velocity and vorticity patterns.

Significant vorticity often exists in the atmosphere—generated by wind curling around mountains or dragging along the ground or by variations in density and pressure.

Some of the vorticity might originally be around a horizontal axis, but once air is sucked up into the fire plume, its hot, buoyant upward stream causes the axis to tilt to a vertical orientation.