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One of their samples turned out to be a brilliant blue, named YInMn blue after the component elements yttrium, indium and manganese.

The most challenging and expensive aspect of making pure rare earth materials -- the 14 lanthanides as well as yttrium and scandium -- for clean energy technologies is separating individual rare earth elements from one another.

However, these hopes quickly died out, as the chloride batteries were considered impractical due to their heavy reliance on expensive rare earth metals, including yttrium, scandium, and lanthanide elements, as secondary components.

The 17 elements are: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium.

The manganese crusts are also estimated to contain other rare earth metals, such as neodymium, yttrium and dysprosium.