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White arrows point to the presumptive inner cell mass and a black arrow to a representative zona pellucida.

These peptides make up what is called the "zona pellucida" — a sort of extracellular eggshell that surrounds the egg in a transparent layer.

Hay’s team also showed that the same approach could be used to make female mice generate antibodies to the zona pellucida, a layer of proteins that surrounds egg cells.

How relevant is zona pellucida thickness, cross referenced to age, stimulation protocol, and IVF cycle outcome history?

The porcine zona pellucida, or PZP, vaccine has been used at 15 game parks in Africa, 250 zoos worldwide and elsewhere, he said.