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We then sent these carbon atoms — from a very metabolically active part of the amino acid called the carboxyl group — through a machine called a mass spectrometer to read their isotope fingerprints.

The researchers patterned the graphene with “functional groups”—chemical studs such as carboxyl or amine groups.

An unexpected enzymatic carboxyl group migration leads to an antibiotic precursor.

In a mouse model of depigmentation, DNA vaccination with a melanocyte antigen and the carboxyl terminus of HSP70i was sufficient to drive autoimmunity.

Intimately connected with this is the fact that these fibres also exhibit partly basic and partly acid characters, due to the presence of carboxyl and amido groups.