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The small, bubbly-looking orange adrenal gland sits atop each kidney and makes adrenaline and substances called catecholamines.

Like dopamine, these neurotransmitters are all catecholamines, and he took a gamble that the drug might also help get rid of the excessive dopamine in the brains of these young people with VCFS.

Ongoing elevated levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol and catecholamines, are thought to mediate this wear and tear and aggravate tissue damage.

Under the umbrella of catecholamines are hormones, including adrenaline, epinephrine noradrenaline and norepinephrine, Ewing-Garber said.

It measured the level of catecholamines — hormones secreted by the adrenal glands, the paired organs atop the kidneys.