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If such errors occurred in organoids that had low variability in chromosome number, then cell division often stopped or the cells died.

These results suggest that chromosome-number variability in tumour cells is the product of the rate of development of chromosomal instability and the ability of cells of a given tumour type to tolerate further changes in chromosome number or structure11.

Live-cell imaging indeed revealed that organoids with a high variability in chromosome number were better able to withstand errors during cell division than were organoids that had low chromosome-number variability.

Simply fusing the ends of two chromosomes is therefore not a viable strategy for reducing chromosome number because it would produce chromosomes containing two centromeres.

Using this approach, they reduced the chromosome number step by step, producing strains that had progressively lower values of n.